Expected running time (ERT in log10 of number of function evaluations) of cobyla (y−axis) versus slsqp (x−axis) for 22 target values Δf ∈ [3 x 1021, 10−6] in each dimension on functions f1 − f48. Markers on the upper or right edge indicate that the respective target value was never reached. Markers represent dimension: 2:+, 3:▽, 5:∗, 10:°, 20:[¯], 40:◇.